The virtual machine has its own internal file system stored in its virtual disk. Other devices such as the Internet connection, CD-ROM, etc. are used as long as they are available in the physical machine. Remember that if the virtual machine is not connected to Internet, it is highly probable that the physical machine is not connected either. Often times, you need to transfer files between the file system in the virtual machine and the file system in the physical machine. VirtualBox allows to enable a folder in the physical machine so that it can be managed from the virtual machine.
The following video shows how to configure the virtual machine before booting up so that a folder in the physical machine can be manipulated.
To write in the shared folder from the virtual machine the permissions in the physical machine need to be such that any user can write to it.